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transduction - the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by means of a virus
conjugation - a temporary union of two bacteria, in which genetic material is transferred by migration of a plasmid, either solitary or as part of a chromosome, from one bacterium, the donor, to the other, the recipient
transformation - the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another resulting in a genetic change in the recipient cell
plasmid - a circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell independently of the chromosomal DNA. plasmids are most often found in bacteria. a segment of DNA independent of the chromosomes and capable of replication, occurring in bacteria and yeast.
transposons - A segment of DNA that is capable of independently replicating itself and inserting the copy into a new position within the same or another chromosome or plasmid.
operons - A unit of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator, a promoter, and one or more structural genes that are transcribed together.
repressor - A protein that binds to an operator, blocking transcription of an operon and the enzymes for which the operon codes.
promoter - a site on a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.
b. a gene sequence that activates transcription.
operator - a segment of DNA that interacts with a regulatory molecule, preventing transcription of the adjacent region.
CAP
allolactose - inducer
inducer - a substance that has the capability of activating genes within a cell.
regulatory gene
co-repressor - thing that binds the repressor protein and turns it active